PENGERTIAN DINAMISME & ANIMISME

DINAMISME

Dinamisme adalah suatu konsep yang memiliki beberapa arti:

• Dinamisme (dalam kaitan agama dan kepercayaan) adalah pemujaan terhadap roh (sesuatu yang tidak tampak mata). Mereka percaya bahwa roh nenek moyang yang telah meninggal menetap di tempat-tempat tertentu, seperti pohon-pohon besar. Arwah nenek moyang itu sering dimintai tolong untuk urusan mereka. Caranya adalah dengan memasukkan arwah-arwah mereka ke dalam benda-benda pusaka seperti batu hitam atau batu merah delima. Ada juga yang menyebutkan bahwa dinamisme adalah kepercayaan yang mempercayai terhadap kekuatan yang abstrak yang berdiam pada suatu benda. istilah tersebut disebut dengan mana.
• Dinamisme (metafisika), penjelasan kosmologi terhadap dunia material menurut filosofi proses.

• Dinamisme, sebutan yang digunakan oleh Virginia Postrel untuk menjelaskan filosofi sosialnya yang melibatkan perubahan budaya, pilihan individual, dan masyarakat terbuka.

• "Dinamisme plastik", sebutan yang digunakan oleh gerakan seni futuris Italia untuk menjelaskan konsep yang berhubungan dengan gerakan obyek, intrinsik dan relatif terhadap lingkungannya.

• Keaktifan kepribadian energetik.

• Dynamism (perusahaan), perusahaan ritel Jepang yang berpengalaman dalam ekspor.

ANIMISME

Kepercayaan animisme (dari bahasa Latin anima atau "roh") adalah kepercayaan kepada makhluk halus dan roh merupakan asas kepercayaan agama yang mula-mula muncul di kalangan manusia primitif. Kepercayaan animisme mempercayai bahwa setiap benda di Bumi ini, (seperti kawasan tertentu, gua, pohon atau batu besar), mempunyai jiwa yang mesti dihormati agar semangat tersebut tidak mengganggu manusia, malah membantu mereka dari semangat dan roh jahat dan juga dalam kehidupan seharian mereka.

Diperkirakan bahwa di provinsi Kalimantan Barat masih terdapat 7,5 juta orang Dayak yang tergolong pemeluk animisme.

Selain dari pada jiwa dan roh yang mendiami di tempat-tempat yang dinyatakan di atas, kepercayaan animisme juga mempercayai bahwa roh orang yang telah mati bisa masuk ke dalam tubuh hewan, misalnya suku Nias mempercayai bahwa seekor tikus yang keluar masuk dari rumah merupakan roh dari wanita yang telah mati beranak. Roh-roh orang yang telah mati juga bisa memasuki tubuh babi atau harimau dan dipercayai akan membalas dendam orang yang menjadi musuh bebuyutan pada masa hidupnya.

Kepercayaan ini berbeda dengan kepercayaan reinkarnasi seperti yang terdapat pada agama Hindu dan Buddha, di mana dalam reinkarnasi, jiwa tidak pindah langsung ke tubuh hewan lain yang hidup, melainkan melalui proses kelahiran kembali kedunia dalam bentuk kehidupan baru. Pada agama Hindu dan Buddha juga terdapat konsep karma yang berbeda dengan kepercayaan animisme ini.

Read More

REPORT TEXT

1. Kangaroo

A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a smaller relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of Tasmania and also in New Guinea.

Kangaroos eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long, and very strong back legs and a tail. These are used for sitting up and for jumping. Kangaroos have been known to make forward jumps of over eight metres, and leap across fences more than three metres high. They can also run at speeds of over 45 kilometres per hour.

The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the Red Kangaroo. Adult grow to a length of 1.60 metres and weigh over 90 kilos.

Kangaroos are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an external pouch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is born, and it crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its first five months of life

2. What Is Thunder and Lightning?

Lightning is a sudden, violent fl ash of electricity between a cloud and the ground, or from cloud to cloud. A lightning fl ash, or bolt, can be several miles long. It is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade, that the air around it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we hear.

Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height. It forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice crystals and snowfl akes are formed. These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain meets more moist air rising, and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning fl ash.

3. Platypus; a report text

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.

Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

4. The Camel

The camel is a large, strong desert animal. Camels can travel great distances across hot, dry deserts with little food or water. They walk easily on soft sand and carry people and heavy hump. The hump is a large lump of fat providing energy if food is hard to fi nd.

There are two chief kinds of camels: (1) the Arabian camel also loads to places that have no roads. Camels also serve the people of the desert in many other ways.

The camel carries its own built-in food supply on its back in the form of a called dromedary, which has one hump, and (2) Bactrian camel, which has two humps.

5. The Red Bird Of Paradise

An Indonesian endemic, the Red Bird of Paradise is distributed to lowland rainforests of Waigeo and Batanta islands of West Papua. This species shares its home with another bird of paradise, the Wilson's Bird of Paradise. Hybridisation between these two species are expected but not recorded yet.

The Red Bird of Paradise, Paradisaea rubra is a large, up to 33cm long, brown and yellow bird of paradise with a dark brown iris, grey legs and yellow bill. The male has an emerald green face, a pair of elongated black corkscrew-shaped tail wires, dark green feather pompoms above each eye and a train of glossy crimson red plumes with whitish tips at either side of the breast.

The male measures up to 72 cm long, including the ornamental red plumes that require at least six years to fully attain. The female resembles the male but is smaller in size, with a dark brown face and has no ornamental red plumes. The diet consists mainly of fruits, berries and arthropods.

6. Report Text About Orangutans

             Orangutans Orangutans or Pongo pygmaeus belong to the Primate order. The orangutan spends most of its time in trees. Each evening it builds a new treetop nest. They are endangered because of habitat lost and poachers keep on killing, owning, and exporting orangutans.

They only live on the island of Borneo and in the northern corner of the island of Sumatra.

Orangutans are characterized by rough, long, reddish-brown fur. Male orangutans are about 95 cm (37 in) in length and about 77 kg (170 lb) in weight. Females are smaller, reaching about 78 cm (31 in) in height and weighing only about 37 kg (81 lb). The male has puffy cheeks and a hanging throat-pouch. This pouch contains air sacks that help produce a groaning, bubbling call, which can be heard at least 1 km (0.6 mi) away.

Half of the orangutan’s diet consists of fruit, but they also eat young leaves, soft inner bark, termites, eggs, and occasionally monkeys.

            When a female is ready to mate, she will seek out an adult male. Orangutan are mammals; females give birth to a single infant about once every four to eight years. The gestational period for orangutans is just under nine months, nearly the same as in human beings. Infants stay very close to their mothers for the first three years until they don’t consume their mother’s milk.

Read More